Dye-sensitized titania aerogels as photovoltaic electrodes for electrochemical solar cells

We describe the fabrication and performance of dye-sensitized photoanodes derived from TiO2 aerogel. Nanocrystalline titania aerogel is a bicontinuous, nanostructured pore–solid architecture featuring specific surface areas of 85–150 m2/g and a continuous mesoporous network, allowing chemisorption of high concentrations of sensitizing dye and rapid mass-transport of electron-transfer mediators. Considerable design and processing flexibility arises with aerogels because the continuous pore–solid networks are fixed by the supercritical drying process, allowing the creation of multifunctional, nanostructured films of single or multiple layers. Titania aerogels can be processed as powders and deposited as nearly opaque films from ∼2 μm to >35-μm thick while retaining their bicontinuous nanoscale networks. Two-layer, ∼30-μm-thick TiO2 aerogel films yield incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) values of ∼85% in the 500–600 nm range and ∼52% at 700 nm with N719 as a sensitizing dye and after correcting for transmittance of the 3.2-mm-thick FTO-coated glass substrates at these wavelengths.