Maternal insulin therapy does not restore foetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus

Pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (Mother with GDM) and their growing foetus show with hyperglycaemia. Women with GDM are subjected to diet (Diet) reaching either normoglycaemia or staying in a state of hyperglycaemia. Women that show with hyperglycaemia after diet are passed into treatment with insulin (Insulin therapy) to reach, as well as the foetus, normoglycaemia. However, even when the mother and the foetus are with normoglycaemia at term of pregnancy, several alterations are still present leading to foetoplacental vascular dysfunction. Red and blue dotted arrows are hyperglycaemia and normoglycaemia, respectively. ⇧, increased; ⇩, decreased.48