Micro- and nano-scaled materials for strategy-based applications in innovative livestock products: A review

While whole grains with large particle sizes influence gizzard growth and function, superfine powders of yeast cell wall and oolong tea have improved immune function and meat quality along with reductions in fat. As a part of a product reformulation strategy to reduce sodium, salt-loaded chitin nanofibers incorporated in seafood have resulted in enhanced saltiness. To reduce allergies associated with eggs, microparticulation of protein has been attempted but without any success. However, micro-sizing fish powder has enhanced transglutaminase (TGase) activity in surimi. In terms of storage strategy, ZnO nanoparticles loaded onto carboxymethyl cellulose film have improved color stability and water holding capacity (WHC) of pork. Other potential applications include reutilization of wastes in biodiesel production and nanoquantum dot-based lighting to improve the showcasing of meat. For the successful application of particle technologies in animal derived foods, knowledge gaps related to the toxicity of nanomaterials, commercialization challenges and negative public perception need to be addressed.