Reprint of: Contrasting effects of vortioxetine and paroxetine on pineal gland biochemistry in a tryptophan-depletion model of depression in female rats

Other studies suggest pineal melatonin synthesis may involve N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and glutamatergic modulation. Here observed changes may be mediated via vortioxetine's strong 5-HT reuptake blocking action together with possible additional effects on glutamate neurotransmission in the pineal via NMDA receptor-modulation and possibly with added impetus from increased NA output.