Graphene oxide–DNA based sensors

• We review the emerging GO–DNA based sensors and their application in the detection of DNA, proteins, metal ions, Cys and others.
• The detection mechanisms and the unique advantages of GO in comparison with other materials are emphasized.
• Future perspectives and possible challenges in this area are outlined.

Since graphene oxide (GO) is readily available and exhibits exceptional optical, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties, it has attracted increasing interests for use in GO–DNA based sensors. This paper reviews the advances in GO–DNA based sensors using DNA as recognition elements. In solution, GO is as an excellent acceptor of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to quench the fluorescence in dye labeled DNA sequences. This review discusses the emerging GO–DNA based sensors related to FRET for use in the detection of DNA, proteins, metal ions, cysteine (Cys), and others. The application of the electrochemical GO–DNA based sensors is also summarized because GO possesses exceptional electrochemical properties. The detection mechanisms and the advantages of GO are also revealed and discussed. GO–DNA based sensors perform well at low cost, and high sensitivity, and provide low detection limits. Additionally, GO–DNA based sensors should appear in the near future as scientists explore their usefulness and properties. Finally, future perspectives and possible challenges in this area are outlined.