Glucose Oxidase–graphene–chitosan modified electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing

Direct electrochemistry of a glucose oxidase (GOD)–graphene–chitosan nanocomposite was studied. The immobilized enzyme retains its bioactivity, exhibits a surface confined, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction, and has good stability, activity and a fast heterogeneous electron transfer rate with the rate constant (ks) of 2.83 s−1. A much higher enzyme loading (1.12 × 10−9 mol/cm2) is obtained as compared to the bare glass carbon surface. This GOD–graphene–chitosan nanocomposite film can be used for sensitive detection of glucose. The biosensor exhibits a wider linearity range from 0.08 mM to 12 mM glucose with a detection limit of 0.02 mM and much higher sensitivity (37.93 μA mM−1 cm−2) as compared with other nanostructured supports. The excellent performance of the biosensor is attributed to large surface-to-volume ratio and high conductivity of graphene, and good biocompatibility of chitosan, which enhances the enzyme absorption and promotes direct electron transfer between redox enzymes and the surface of electrodes.