Angiographic change on time interval in traumatic-direct carotid cavernous fistula without venous reflux, and treatment with LVIS stent alone

Traumatic carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is usually high flow, direct type and typically manifested by venous hypertension and reflux, therefore it can lead to various neurologic deficit as well as severe ophthalmic symptoms including exophthalmos, congestion and visual disturbance. On the contrary, in traumatic-direct CCF without high flow that causes venous hypertension and/or reflux, the natural clinical course is obscure, and the diagnosis may be difficult. The treatment has not been well documented in detail. We are reporting on sequential angiographic change on time interval in traumatic-direct CCF without venous hypertension and/or reflux, and experience of treatment using LVIS stent.