Receptor model based source apportionment of PM10 in the metropolitan and industrialized areas of Mangalore

PM10 samples were collected from a traffic site (Town hall) and industrial site (KSPCB) of Mangalore, India during 2014. Chemical characterization using ICP-MS proclaimed the presence of twelve trace elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) from traffic site and six trace elements (Cd, Ni, Pb, K, Cr and Zn) from industrial site. Source apportionment has been done using Enrichment Factors (EF's) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). EF's outcome using Fe as reference element showed higher enrichment for Zn, Pb, Cd, V, Cr, Ti and Cu compared to Sr, Ca, Mg and Mn. Similarly EF's calculated for industrial site using K as a reference element exhibits higher enrichment for Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn. Principal Component Analysis using varimax rotation distinguishes three sources (vehicular sources, crustal sources and brake wear emissions) for PM10 particles at traffic and two sources (steel and non-ferrous metal industries emissions and Coal/fuel oil combustion emission) at industrial site. This is the first known work for source identification of particulate matter (PM10) in coastal industrial city Mangalore.