Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Activity as a Biomarker of Vascular Remodeling in Hemodialysis Access

NIRF imaging can detect increased MMP activity in remodeled AVFs compared with contralateral sham vessels. MMP-2-activated NIRF signal correlates with the severity of intimal thickening. These findings suggest NIRF imaging of MMP-2 may be used as a biomarker of the vascular remodeling underlying stenosis.