Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in turbid, well-mixed estuaries: AÂ model study

To gain insight into mechanisms underlying phytoplankton bloom dynamics in turbid, well-mixed estuaries, experiments were conducted with an exploratory model that couples physical and biological processes. The motivation for choosing exploratory models is that they allow investigation of individual processes in isolation, therefore yielding fundamental insight into the mechanisms of the system. The Ems estuary (between the Netherlands and Germany) was selected as the prototype estuary, in which a zone of high turbidity is observed in the middle and upper reach. Results show that the model is capable of capturing the main features of the observed phytoplankton population density (P) patterns, that is, in the lower reach a spring bloom occurs, followed by a secondary bloom in autumn. Results of sensitivity studies reveal that the along-estuary distribution of suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a determining factor for the along-estuary location of blooms and it largely affects the intensity of blooms. The along-estuary advection of nutrients by the subtidal current is important for obtaining blooms with high intensities. In this model, the seasonally varying water temperature has a larger impact on the timing of spring blooms than the seasonally varying incident light intensity. The occurrence of an autumn bloom is due to the fact that during the summer season, the net specific growth rate of phytoplankton decreases. The latter is likely to result from an optimum water temperature (smaller than the maximum water temperature) for phytoplankton growth. Nevertheless, the occurrence and characteristics of autumn blooms are also influenced by seasonal variations in other aspects, for instance, loss of phytoplankton due to grazing.