Old landscapes, pre-weathered materials, and pedogenesis in tropical Africa: How can the time factor of soil formation be assessed in these regions?

Soil dating data in this area are very scarce. Some approaches (e.g. mass balance, relative chronology, chronostratigraphic, archaeological, luminescence, paleobiological, radiocarbon, OSL, and termite activity) have been implemented to assess the time factors of soil formation. Finally, this work highlights some gaps about soil research, particularly the need to define soil parameters which can be related to soil age.