Evolution of a 9th–8th mill. cal BP Upper Capsian site: The techno-typological study of bladelet production at SHM-1 (Hergla, Tunisia)

The Upper Capsian is an Epipalaeolithic techno-complex occurring in the Maghreb between the 9th and the 8th millennium cal BP, generally associated with the appearance of pressure-knapping bladelet production. The chronology of Capsian sequences based on earlier excavations is uncertain, and studies of lithic industries based on a technological approach are relatively scarce. The site of SHM-1 (Hergla) in east coastal Tunisia has been recently excavated with a stratigraphic protocol. A sequence of seven main layers was detected, all radiocarbon dated. The technological and petrological study applied to the lithic production established on a diachronic basis allowed identification of the main chaînes opératoires involved in bladelet and flake production. The first was obtained through three main schemes, with the pressure bladelet production starting in the first occupational layer, at the first half of the 9th millennium cal BP. Some changes appear between the older layers and recent ones, including the introduction of a more sophisticated pressure mode in the last layers. Detailed examination of the pressure production modes reveals distinctive platform preparation, opening different questions. The pressure bladelets are mainly transformed into backed bladelets, geometric microliths and notches and denticulates. The typological analysis of the armatures reveals an evolution in the raw material selected for some specific tools as well as some changes in the tool types produced.