Voltammetric environmental trace-metal analysis and speciation: from laboratory to in situ measurements

This review gives a survey of the application of voltammetric trace-metal analysis to water, sediment and soil by focusing on the challenging task to perform reliable in situ measurements. This implies development of new concepts for metal-speciation measurements in association with both voltammetric measurements and biogeochemical processes, new bioanalogical sensors, modern micro-total-analytical systems, and rugged submersible probes based on specifically designed mechanics, electronics and software.