Role of microRNAs in atrial fibrillation: New insights and perspectives

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression of their targets at the post-transcriptional levels. They typically affect the mRNA stability or translation finally leading to the repression of target gene expression. Notably, it is thought that miRNAs are crucial for regulating gene expression during heart diseases, such as atrial fibrillation (AF). Numerous studies identify specific miRNA expression profiles associated to different histological features of AF, both in animal models and in patients. Therefore, we review the latest experimental approaches from the perspective of understanding miRNA gene expression regulatory networks in AF. In addition, miRNAs have also emerged as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of AF. In this review, we discuss the experimental evidence about miRNAs both as potential non-invasive early diagnostic markers and as novel therapeutic targets in AF.