The effect of mucoadhesive excipient on the nasal retention time of and the antibody responses induced by an intranasal influenza vaccine

CVP increased intranasal retention of whole inactivated influenza vaccine, did not promote antigen redirection to the central nervous system, and improved mucosal antibody responses. The mechanism probably relates to its mucoadhesive properties rather than its ability to directly stimulate the immune system. Intranasal vaccines with CVP may be a promising candidate vaccine formulation for humans.