Enhancement of protective immunity against intracellular bacteria using type-1 polarized dendritic cell (DC) vaccine

► Type-1 polarization of mouse DCs by IL-4 and IFN-γ enhance IL-12p70 production. ► Type-1 polarized DCs loaded with listerial epitope induce strong CTL response. ► This vaccine also robustly enhances their ability to induce protective immunity.