Micro/nanoparticle adjuvants for antileishmanial vaccines: Present and future trends

► A suitable adjuvant is needed to improve the efficacy of antileishmanial vaccines. ► Particulate adjuvants are the valuable strategy to enhance vaccine efficacies. ► The most challenging issue in the field of particulate adjuvants is their size. ► Liposomes plus immunostimulatory adjuvants are prospective antileishmanial vaccines.