Archaeosomes with encapsulated antigens for oral vaccine delivery

Traditional phosphodiester lipid vesicles (liposomes) are not stable and could be easily degraded in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We prepared a novel lipid based oral delivery system: archaeosomes, made of the polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) extracted from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and tested their immunogenic potentials as oral vaccine delivery vehicles. Our study showed that the archaeosomes had significant superior stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, and would help fluorescent labeled antigens to reside longer time in the GI tract after oral administration. The resulted immune responses against model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) were greatly improved, eliciting substantial IgG response systemically as well as IgA response mucosally. In addition, the archaeosomes also facilitated antigen specific CD8+ T cell proliferation. These data indicate that archaeosomes may be a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant for effective oral immunization.