Endovascular Biopsy and Endothelial Cell Gene Expression Analysis of Dialysis Arteriovenous Fistulas: AÂ Feasibility Study

EC biopsy from dialysis AVFs with the use of guidewires is feasible. Gene expression data suggest that genes involved in multiple cellular functions are dysregulated in stenotic areas. SOMs identified 4 unique clusters of cells, indicating EC phenotypic heterogeneity in outflow veins.