Developments in the production of biological and synthetic binders for immunoassay and sensor-based detection of small molecules

The need for chemical and biological entities of predetermined selectivity and affinity towards target analytes is greater than ever, in applications such as environmental monitoring, bioterrorism detection and analysis of natural toxin contaminants in the food chain.In this review, we focus on advances in the production of specific binders, in terms of both natural entities (e.g., antibodies) and synthetic binders (e.g., molecularly-imprinted polymers). We discuss the potential of emerging technologies for integration into immunoassay and sensing techniques. We place special emphasis on use of these technologies in bioanalytical applications.