Electrochemical enzyme immunoassay using model labels

Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) based on electrochemical detection offer several potential advantages and have been applied in clinical, medical, biotechnological, food and environmental analysis. Among the enzyme labels employed, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose oxidase (GOx) are the most common. This brief review reflects recent advances, challenges, and trends of electrochemical EIAs focusing on HRP, ALP or GOx as labels over the past five years. We especially emphasize current development of EIAs combined with other developments, including nanotechnology and miniaturization.