A robust counterpart approach to the bi-objective emergency medical service design problem

The paper presents a bi-objective robust program to design a cost-responsiveness efficient emergency medical services (EMS) system under uncertainty. The proposed model simultaneously determines the location of EMS stations, the assignment of demand areas to EMS stations, and the number of EMS vehicles at each station to balance cost and responsiveness. We develop a robust counterpart approach to cope with the uncertain parameters in the EMS system. Extensive numerical studies are performed to demonstrate the benefits of our robust optimization approach.