Interferon alpha induces cell death through interference with interleukin 6 signaling and inhibition of STAT3 activity

In multiple myeloma, which commonly depends on interleukin 6, IL-6, survival signaling induced by this cytokine is largely mediated by activation of STAT3. Interferon alpha (IFNα) treatment of cell lines derived from multiple myeloma or of myeloma tumor cells ex vivo leads to apoptosis. In this study we demonstrate that IFNα treatment of the two myeloma cell lines, U266-1984 and U-1958, results in the decrease of STAT3 activity as demonstrated by a diminished STAT3/3 DNA-binding activity and the shift from STAT3/3 towards STAT1/1 and STAT3/1 complexes in EMSA, leading to the down-regulation of known STAT3 target genes such as Bcl-XL, Mcl-1 and survivin. Ectopic expression of a form of STAT3, STAT3C, rescued U266-1984 cells from IFNα-induced apoptosis. IFNα promoted sustained accumulation of tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3C in the nucleus and a prolonged DNA binding of the STAT3/3 homodimers in EMSA. The shift towards a sustained STAT3 response in IFNα-treated STAT3C-transfected cells led to a hyper-induction of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins. Thus our data demonstrated that IFNα is able to interfere with IL-6 signaling by inhibiting STAT3 activity and that the abrogation of STAT3 activity accounts for the ability of IFNα to induce apoptosis in myeloma cells.