Effect of supplemental l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) in enriched live food on the immune response of Penaeus vannamei exposed to ammonia-N

The effects of supplemental vitamin C, in the form l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) in enriched live food dietary (Artemia) on reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and free radical scavenging enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase) activities in muscle of Penaeus vannamei exposed to ambient ammonia-N were investigated. The results showed ROIs values of shrimps fed the starved and enriched Artemia increased with increased ammonia-N concentration. The ROIs value of shrimps fed the enriched Artemia exposed to increasing ammonia-N concentration were 37.4%, 26.4% and 31.1% lower (P < 0.05) compared with those of shrimps fed the starved Artemia exposed to the same ammonia-N concentration. Total SOD, CAT, GPX, GST and GR activities of shrimps fed the enriched Artemia exposed to ammonia-N (2.568-3.852 mmol/l), were all higher (P < 0.05) than that of shrimps fed the starved Artemia exposed to the same ammonia-N concentration. In addition, total SOD, CAT, GPX, GST and GR activities of shrimps of both dietary treatments decreased (P < 0.05) with increased ammonia-N concentration. The results demonstrated that supplementation of ascorbic acid in enriched live food (Artemia) enhanced the anti-oxidant capacity of shrimp, increasing its defense system that may fight against environmental stress leading to reduced ammonia toxicity.