Dipeptide prodrug approach to evade efflux pumps and CYP3A4 metabolism of lopinavir

• To provide dipeptide prodrug approach to circumvent P-gp and MRP2-mediated efflux of anti-HIV drug, lopinavir.
• To provide interaction of dipeptide prodrug with peptide transporters.
• To provide a strategy to overcome CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of lopinavir.
• To provide a viable option for improving oral absorption of lopinavir.

Oral absorption of lopinavir (LPV) is limited due to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein2 (MRP2) mediated efflux by intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, LPV is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. In the present study, dipeptide prodrug approach was employed to circumvent efflux pumps (P-gp and MRP2) and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism of LPV. Valine–isoleucine–LPV (Val–Ile–LPV) was synthesized and identified by LCMS and NMR techniques. The extent of LPV and Val–Ile–LPV interactions with P-gp and MRP2 was studied by uptake and transport studies across MDCK–MDR1 and MDCK–MRP2 cells. To determine the metabolic stability, time and concentration dependent degradation study was performed in liver microsomes. Val–Ile–LPV exhibited significantly higher aqueous solubility relative to LPV. This prodrug generated higher stability under acidic pH. Val–Ile–LPV demonstrated significantly lower affinity toward P-gp and MRP2 relative to LPV. Transepithelial transport of Val–Ile–LPV was significantly higher in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral) relative to LPV. Importantly, Val–Ile–LPV was recognized as an excellent substrate by peptide transporter. Moreover, Val–Ile–LPV displayed significantly higher metabolic stability relative to LPV. Results obtained from this study suggested that dipeptide prodrug approach is a viable option to elevate systemic levels of LPV following oral administration.

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