Nanoscopic friction behavior of pharmaceutical materials

The characteristics of various pharmaceutical dosage forms are influenced by surface properties such as the friction behavior. For example, die wall friction is a key issue in developing a solid dosage form. However, the friction properties are not completely understood mainly because of the lack of fundamental measurements. Herein, the friction behavior of pharmaceutical materials was investigated and compared with their adhesion behavior using atomic force microscopy. The sliding speed causes significant variations in the frictional force. Compared with other materials, lubricant materials showed less distinct differences in friction tests than in adhesion tests, indicating the dependence of the lubricant efficiency on the stress state. The three parameters obtained from the modified Amonton's law, i.e., absolute frictional force, friction coefficient and residual force, showed consistent trends. Overall, the friction behavior was not a direct reflection of the adhesion forces. The intrinsic friction behavior of a single pharmaceutical particle can be quantified using atomic force microscopy.