Carrier-mediated processes at several rat brain interfaces determine the neuropharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide

We investigated whether capacity-limited transport processes were involved in morphine and morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide (M6G) neuropharmacokinetics, at the level of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the brain extra- and intra-cellular fluids (bECF/bICF), and the bECF/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interfaces.We performed transcortical retrodialysis in the rat, by perfusing morphine or M6G through the microdialysis probe in the presence or absence of probenecid. We measured for each compound the in vitro and in vivo (RD) probe recoveries. The in vivo RD, which takes into account the permeability of the tissue surrounding the probe, informs about the morphine and M6G distribution capabilities from bECF to adjacent fluids (bICF, CSF, plasma). We also measured plasma and CSF concentrations at three time points after having added probenecid or not. Finally, we tested several pharmacokinetic models, assuming first-order or capacity-limited processes at each brain interface, to describe experimental morphine and M6G concentrations previously obtained in rat plasma and brain fluids.We found that morphine distributes more easily outside bECF than M6G. Adding probenecid caused a 2-fold decrease and a 1.3-fold increase in morphine and M6G RD, respectively, and 30 min after adding probenecid, plasma and CSF concentrations increased for M6G but not for morphine. The pharmacokinetic model that gave the best fit included capacity-limited processes at the BBB and bECF/bICF interface for morphine and at the BBB and bECF/CSF interface for M6G.In conclusion, morphine accumulates into brain cells thanks to a probenecid-sensitive transporter located at the bECF/bICF interface, whereas M6G is trapped in bECF thanks to transporters located at the BBB and the bECF/CSF interface.