Drugs from slugs—Past, present and future perspectives of ω-conotoxin research

Peptides from the venom of carnivorous cone shells have provided six decades of intense research, which has led to the discovery and development of novel analgesic peptide therapeutics. Our understanding of this unique natural marine resource is however somewhat limited. Given the past pharmacological record, future investigations into the toxinology of these highly venomous tropical marine snails will undoubtedly yield other highly selective ion channel inhibitors and modulators. With over a thousand conotoxin-derived sequences identified to date, those identified as ion channel inhibitors represent only a small fraction of the total. Here we discuss our present understanding of conotoxins, focusing on the ω-conotoxin peptide family, and illustrate how such a seemingly simple snail has yielded a highly effective clinical drug.