Impact of Early Lifetime Trauma in Later Life: Depression Among Holocaust Survivors 60 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz

The prevalence of depression and PTSD symptoms were very high among survivors. Depressed survivors had significantly worse psychologic and social functioning than depressed controls. Depressed survivors had more PTSD symptoms than nondepressed survivors, although it is unclear as to the causal direction of the relationship between depression and PTSD.