Remarks on axisymmetric modeling of deep tunnels in argillaceous formations: I: Plastic clays

The paper analyses the response of argillaceous formations to the excavation of deep tunnels, focusing on the role of hydro-mechanical behavior. First, two different types of geologic formations are identified: plastic, soil-like, and stiff, rock-like, argillaceous formations. This paper is specifically concerned with deep tunnels in plastic clays. In particular, the influence of pore pressure changes on the stability of the excavation and on the loading of the support systems is investigated. The state of stress and deformation is analyzed in the short- and long-term, by applying analytical and numerical solutions to the idealized situation of an axisymmetric tunnel. General remarks on the influence of hydro-mechanical coupling, artificial boundary conditions and lining permeability are presented. Theoretical predictions are compared with measurements made in some tunnels excavated in the Boom clay formation at Mol (Belgium). The suggestions provided in the paper may contribute to refining practical design approaches, hence filling the gap between the application of advanced hydro-mechanical models and conventional uncoupled elasto-plastic models. In a companion paper, the behavior of rock-like materials is considered. In particular, the effect of scaly structure, typical of many deep argillaceous formations, and fissure opening around the tunnel walls is examined. Results of conventional and novel models, purposely formulated to analyze such situations, are compared.

► Focus is on the hydro-mechanical response of plastic clays around deep tunnels.
► Uncoupled analysis of long-term load is satisfactory only for impervious lining.
► The convergence-confinement method can be applied only for impervious tunnels.
► In case of high water pressure lining and ground may separate, forming a gap.
► Displacement boundary conditions should be carefully used for undrained analyses.