Los primeros pobladores de América y sus relaciones con poblaciones del Océano Pacífico según los genes HLA

HLA allele frequencies were compared with those of other First American Natives and also those of other worldwide populations in order to clarify the still unclear peopling of the Americas and the origins of Amerindians. All possible HLA data already obtained on early Native American populations are used. Genetic distances and N-J dendrogram methods are applied. Results and discussion have led to the following conclusions: 1) North West Canadian Athabaskans have had gene flow with close neighbouring populations, Amerindians, Pacific Islanders, including East Australians, and Siberians, since they share DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes with these populations (i.e.: DRB1*14:01-DQB1*05:03, DRB1*09:01-DQB1*03:03); 2) Amerindians entrance to America may have been different to that of Athabaskans, Aleuts and Eskimos; Amerindians may have been in their lands long before Athabaskans and Eskimos as they present an altogether different set of HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies; 3) Amerindians show very few “particular” single-locus alleles (i.e.: DRB1*04:11, DRB1*04:17), but have unique extended haplotypes (i.e.: A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02, A*02-B*35-DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02); 4) Our results do not support the three-wave model of American peopling but another model, where the Pacific Coast is also an entrance point. Pacific Ocean sea voyages may have contributed to the HLA genetic American profile. Reverse migration (America to Asia) is not discarded, and different movements of people in either direction in different times are supported by the Athabaskan population admixture with Asian-Pacific population and with Amerindians.