Inhalation of Francisella novicida ΔmglA causes replicative infection that elicits innate and adaptive responses but is not protective against invasive pneumonic tularemia

Francisella tularensis causes the zoonosis tularemia in humans, and inhaled F. tularensis ssp. novicida induces lethal murine tularemia. Transcription of virulence factors in F. novicida is regulated by macrophage growth locus A (mglA), a global regulator required for bacterial replication in macrophages in vitro. We examined the infectivity and immunogenicity of attenuated F. novicida ΔmglA in the lung in vivo. Aerosolized ΔmglA caused replicative pulmonary infection that peaked at 7 days and was cleared thereafter, without clinical evidence of disease. In contrast, inhalation of wild type F. novicida resulted in more rapid bacterial replication and dissemination leading to death within 96 h. Early containment of ΔmglA infection was partially dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88 and interferon-γ but did not require B or T cells. However, lymphocytes were necessary for subsequent bacterial clearance. Infection with ΔmglA elicited specific IgG1-predominant antibodies and variable interferon-γ recall responses to wild type F. novicida. Inoculation of mice with aerosolized ΔmglA afforded no protection against a subsequent low-dose aerosol challenge with wild type F. novicida. These findings establish that inhalation of F. novicida ΔmglA results in replicative infection that elicits innate and adaptive immune responses but not protective immunity against invasive pneumonic tularemia.