Preoperative predictors of vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

AimsVascular invasion is an established adverse prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the current study was to identify the preoperative predictors of vascular invasion in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for HCC.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 227 consecutive patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for HCC was conducted. Vascular invasion was defined as gross or microscopic involvement of the vessels (portal vein or hepatic vein) within the peritumoral liver tissue.ResultsSeventy-six (33%) patients had vascular invasion. Among the preoperative factors, only the tumour size (relative risk, 16.78; p < 0.01) and the serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level (relative risk, 3.57; p < 0.01) independently predicted vascular invasion. As the tumour size increased, the incidence of vascular invasion increased: ≤2 cm, 3%; 2.1–3 cm, 20%; 3.1–5 cm, 38%; and >5 cm, 65%. The incidence of vascular invasion was 32% in patients with serum AFP levels ≤1000 ng/mL, compared to 61% in patients with higher serum AFP levels (p < 0.01). Patients with both tumours >5 cm and serum AFP levels >1000 ng/mL had an 82% incidence of vascular invasion.ConclusionsThe tumour size and serum AFP level, alone or in combination, are useful in predicting the presence or absence of vascular invasion before hepatectomy for HCC.