Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental condition characterized by severe, impairing inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. It is commonly accompanied by comorbid disorders and learning difficulties. ADHD is a common problem and affects boys more than girls. The aetiology remains unknown but genetic factors are known to contribute. Non-inherited influences are also important. There has been interest in the role of exposure to prenatal adversity and later environmental risk. Although many risk factors have been associated with ADHD, none has convincingly been shown to be causal. Careful assessment is required to make a diagnosis of ADHD. Parents and the child need to be seen and it is essential that information is gathered from the school. It is currently recommended that a multimodal treatment package is used in the management of ADHD; this should include medication, home-based and school-based interventions and support. Longitudinal studies show that ADHD can persist into adult life and lead to other adverse outcomes including criminality, drug use, and social difficulties. This review provides an overview on ADHD for trainee clinicians.