Comparative sensitivity of Eiseniaandrei and Perionyxexcavatus in earthworm avoidance tests using two soil types in the tropics

Terrestrial avoidance behavior is proposed as a fast and cost-effective method for assessing effects of pesticides on earthworms. Tropical species however, have rarely been used in avoidance tests. Avoidance tests were performed with Perionyxexcavatus, a tropical species, and Eiseniaandrei as the standard species, using chlorpyrifos and carbofuran in artificial and natural soil. Earthworms were exposed to concentrations of 1–900 (chlorpyrifos) and 1–32 (carbofuran) mg a.i. kg−1 dry soil in a two-chamber system under tropical conditions (26 ± 2 °C, 48 h). No significant difference was found in the control tests comparing the two soils used, suggesting soil type did not affect the distribution of the worms. The results suggest a higher sensitivity of E.andrei, with EC50S for the effect on avoidance behavior for both pesticides being a factor of 2–3 lowers than for P.excavatus. Earthworm avoidance tests with local species should therefore be used with caution when applied as a tool for pesticide risk assessment in the tropics. Endpoints generated through avoidance tests in this study are shown to be less sensitive than reproduction and more sensitive than survival. This was further confirmed by literature data available. Earthworm avoidance tests therefore can only replace survival tests as an initial screening tool for risk assessment.