Differences in yield components and kernel Cd accumulation in response to Cd toxicity in four barley genotypes

A greenhouse hydroponics experiment was carried out to investigate genotypic difference in yield components in response to Cd toxicity, and kernel Cd concentrations and its relationship with Cd levels in roots and shoots during ontogenesis and as affected by shading and awn-removal. Root, shoot biomass and yield components of the four barley genotypes were impaired by increasing external Cd levels, with cv Wumaoliuling being most affected. Cadmium accumulation in roots and shoots increased with external Cd levels and differed significantly among genotypes. Meanwhile, 1 and 5 μM Cd treatments induced significant genotypic difference in kernel Cd concentrations, and Mimai 114, with the lowest Cd levels in roots and shoots, being the highest, whereas ZAU 3 being the lowest genotype. Shading had no significant effect on kernel Cd concentration, whereas awn-removal caused a significant decrease. Significantly negative correlation was discovered between Zn, Cu or Mn and Cd concentration in kernels, and there were positive relationships between Zn and Cu, Fe or Mn concentrations. Grain Cd concentrations were strongly correlated with both shoot and root levels. Regression equations between kernel- and shoot/root-Cd concentrations at different days of Cd exposure were established, allowing prediction of kernel Cd levels at harvest by measuring root- and shoot-Cd levels at early growth stage.