Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant

The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a Swedish wastewater pilot plant. Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB). (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using RT-PCR. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected, mean numbers 103.11 cysts and 104.0 PCR units L−1, respectively. Oocysts were found in 5/19 samples, mean number 5 L−1. Noroviruses were found in 6/7 influent samples, with an average titre of 103.28 L−1, during winter, but only in 2/15 in the rest of the year (mean 200 L−1). MBR treatment removed indicators more efficiently than did the other two lines, with 5 log removal of E. coli. Human virus genome removal did not differ between the MBR and tertiary treatment line. Microorganism removal in UASB was significantly lower for all the organisms studied. E. coli, enterococci and Cl. perfringens   removal was correlated (p<0.05p<0.05) with enterovirus genome removal, with R-values around 0.4. However, values for removal of indicators were more strongly correlated to each other. Removal of viruses based on enumeration using RT-PCR probably underestimates infectious virion removal.