Phytofiltration of mercury-contaminated water: Volatilisation and plant-accumulation aspects

Phytofiltration may be a cost-effective approach for treating Hg-contaminated wastewater. We investigated the removal of Hg from solutions by Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] grown in hydroponic conditions with solutions containing Hg concentrations from 0 to 10 mg/L. Plants were enclosed in gastight volatilisation chambers to assess the effect of Hg concentrations on plant transpiration, accumulation and volatilisation. We also determined the speciation and site of origin of volatilised Hg. Solution Hg concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L detrimentally affected transpiration. Roots concentrated Hg 100–270 times (on a dry weight basis) above initial solution concentrations. The plants translocated little Hg to the shoots, which accounted for just 0.7–2% of the total Hg in the plants. Volatilisation from planted vessels increased linearly as a function of Hg concentrations in solutions. Most Hg volatilisation occurred from the roots. Volatilised Hg was predominantly in the Hg(0) vapour form. Volatilisation was dependant on root uptake and absorption of Hg from the ambient solution. Production of Hg(0) vapour in the solutions may result from the activity of root-associated algae and Hg-resistant bacteria. Phytofiltration effectively removed up to 95% of Hg from the contaminated solutions by both volatilisation and plant accumulation. However, Hg(0) vapours released from living roots may have unforeseen environmental effects.