Kinematics of deformation constructed from deformed planar and linear elements: The method and its application

►Modern kinematic theory for flow and finite deformation is illustrated by forward modeling of various steady-state progressive deformations on lower-hemisphere stereographic projections. ►On such projections, planar and linear material markers that undergo progressive shortening, progressive extension, shortening followed by extension, and extension followed by shortening are divided into fields separated by the non-material surfaces of zero stretching and the material surfaces defined by all material lines in the deformed state that originally constituted the surfaces of zero stretching. ►A revised approach to construct flow parameters and position gradient tensors from deformed planar and linear elements, using Mohr circles, is presented. ►Our models aid in the analysis of deformed linear and planar markers and in the illustration of various types of flow and of finite deformation.