Tectonic evolution of the Ganos segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NW Turkey)

We analyzed the paleostress field, ongoing deformation, meso- to micro-scale faulting, cataclasis, fault rock alteration and veining within turbidite and limestone sequences at the Ganos Fault which represent a major branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in NW Turkey. Fault damage was found to occur across a several kilometers wide zone. Effects of faulting are shown by localized subsidiary brittle faults and fault rock alteration in the turbidites as well as fault breccia formation in the limestone sequence. Microseismicity along the Ganos Fault cluster at two locations, the more pronounced being located offshore at a fault bend associated with a change from a transpressional to a transtensional regime. Kinematic analysis reveals a dextral strike-slip regime with components of normal and thrust faulting. Along strike paleostress orientation at the Ganos Fault is rather uniform. Deformation mechanisms and fluid inclusion data from quartz and calcite veins suggest that fault-related quartz veins were formed at temperatures between 170 and 250 °C and pressures between 40 and 120 MPa. Fault-related calcite vein growth occurred during a temperature decrease from 170 °C to 70 °C with pressures likely below 50 MPa. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data show that the fluids are predominantly of meteoric origin and migrated upwards into the fault. Pure CH4 inclusions in quartz also suggest a biogenic or thermogenic methane origin.