Firn processes and δ15N: potential for a gas-phase climate proxy

In order to quantify the sequence of events between changes in atmospheric composition and climate changes recorded in ice cores, we must accurately account for the age difference between ice and gas at a given depth. This gas age–ice age difference depends on the age of the ice at the bottom of the firn layer, where the bubbles are closed-off. Firn densification models are used to calculate how this age difference varied in the past, but have an uncertainty on the order of 1000 years for central Antarctic sites. Here we explore the possibility that δ15N of N2 is a gas phase proxy of climate, which can be used to synchronize gas and ice records. We present the δ15N record from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core covering the last three glacial terminations and five glacial‐interglacial cycles between 300 and 800 ka. Previous studies have shown that gravitational settling enriches δ15N as a function of the diffusive column height in the firn. If densification models’ prediction of deeper firn close-off under glacial conditions is correct, then we would expect heavier δ15N during glacial periods, and a negative correlation with temperature. Instead, EDC δ15N is positively correlated with the ice deuterium content, a proxy for temperature, as previously reported at Vostok, Dome Fuji, and EPICA Dronning Maud Land. We propose a mechanism that links accumulation rate, firn permeability, and convective mixing in the top meters of the firn to explain this correlation between δ15N and ice deuterium content. The tightest correlation is observed over glacial terminations, supporting the idea that δ15N is a property in the gas phase that records changes in surface conditions linked to deglacial warming.