School-wide practices associated with school climate in elementary, middle, and high schools

- Large sample of 30,071 students in grades 3-12.
- Praise and rewards for good behavior and teaching social and emotional competencies related positively with school climate.
- Punitive consequences related negatively associated with school climate.
- Effects of teaching social and emotional competencies were nearly twice that of the use of praise and rewards.
- At the student level, effects of teaching social and emotional competencies were nearly twice that of punitive consequences.