What is the taphonomic agent responsible for the avian accumulation? An approach from the Middle and early Late Pleistocene assemblages from Payre and Abri des Pêcheurs (Ardèche, France)

The acquisition of quick-flying small prey has been a widely discussed topic over the last decades, especially since the emergence of archaeological bird collections more ancient than expected, with evidence of anthropogenic processing. Residue analyses carried out on stone tools at the Payre site in France (MIS 8-5) suggest human activity on birds; however, no direct analyses have been carried out on avian specimens from the site. Similarly, no detailed data from numerous bird bones have been obtained from a nearby site, Abri des Pêcheurs (MIS 5-3), which could also provide important information about subsistence strategies in the region. Bird bones from both sites were analyzed here within the framework of the taphonomic methodology and identified a wide variety of avian specimens, suggesting nocturnal raptors and small mammal carnivores as main accumulator agents. Despite the anthropogenic activity at Payre proposed from lithic residue and use-wear analyses, bird bones do not reveal any hominid intervention. Our attempt here is to explain this apparent contradiction and discuss possible hypotheses regarding the presence of avian specimens at both archaeological sites.