ReviewHalal status of enzymes used in food industry

- Discussed sources and production methods of enzymes used in food processing.
- Halal status of enzymes and potential risks to Halal assurance were explained.
- Addressed the actions to be taken not to compromise Halal assurance.
- Future research needs were addressed.

BackgroundEnzymes are extensively and increasingly used in research and food processing as important processing aids/biocatalysts. They can be produced by microorganisms through fermentation and can also be extracted from animal or plant tissues. Halal status of enzymes for industrial application is vague to consumers since they may not be properly traced back to their source of origin or production method.Scope and approachThis review focuses on Halal related issues of enzymes i.e. used during industrial processing for food, feed, pharmaceutical and other consumer goods, with a particular focus on fermentation processes that might pose risks to Halal assurance.Key findings and conclusionsThe status of enzymes including the raw materials used and the current production methods is needed to facilitate Halal food production and comply with religious demands. Enzymes derived from Haram (not allowed) animals or from raw materials obtained from Haram sources are considered to be Haram. Whereas, enzymes derived from microorganisms during fermentation are considered to be Halal if the raw materials or any other ingredients used in the growth medium and in the final product are not from Haram or doubtful sources. If genetically modified (GM) microorganisms are used for enzyme production, recombinant DNA should not be from Haram or doubtful sources.