Osmotic versus conventional membrane bioreactors integrated with reverse osmosis for water reuse: Biological stability, membrane fouling, and contaminant removal

• OMBR-RO and MBR-RO produced high quality water for reuse applications.
• Fate and transport of TrOCs differed considerably between these two hybrid systems.
• Different RO membrane fouling behaviours were observed in OMBR-RO and MBR-RO.
• RO membrane fouling was significantly less in OMBR-RO than in MBR-RO.
• Illumina sequencing revealed different microbial dynamic changes in OMBR and MBR.