Suitability of faeces and tissue samples as a basis for non-invasive sampling for African swine fever in wild boar

- Stability of African swine fever virus DNA was quantified in faeces and tissues.
- ASFV DNA is comparatively more stable in faeces than tissues.
- Faeces are suitable diagnostic samples during the acute disease phase.
- Faeces samples can be the basis of a non-invasive monitoring strategy.
- Decomposing tissues can be part of early-warning surveillance strategies.

A challenging aspect of ASFV control in wild boar populations is the design and implementation of effective surveillance and monitoring programmes, both for early warning, and to determine the ongoing epidemiological situation in an infected population. Testing blood samples requires invasive sampling strategies like hunting or capture of wild boar. Besides being biased towards healthy animals, such strategies are also linked to further spread of the virus. Non-invasive sampling strategies would increase the reliability of surveillance of ASFV in wild boar populations, without the negative side effects. This study evaluates the potential of faeces and tissue samples as a basis for non-invasive sampling strategies for ASFV in wild boar. In the acute phase (0-21 days after infection), in comparison with virus detection in blood, virus can be detected in faeces 50-80% of the time. This percentage decreases to below 10% for the subacute/chronic phase. ASFV DNA is quite stable in faeces. Half-lives range from more than 2 years at temperature up to 12 °C, to roughly 15 days at temperatures of 30 °C. In tissue samples, stored at 20 °C, half-lives mostly range from 1.7 to 7.4 days. The sample of preference is the spleen, where the highest titres and highest half-life of ASFV DNA are observed. The level and duration of excretion of ASFV in the faeces, combined with the stability of the DNA, suggest that sampling of faeces could be the basis for a non-invasive sampling strategy to monitor ASFV in wild boar.