ReviewNeurological approaches for investigating West Nile virus disease and its treatment in rodents

- Neurological procedures can be used to investigate West Nile virus disease in rodent models.
- Respiratory deficits are identified by plethysmography and EMG of the diaphragm.
- Motor deficits are detected by motor unit number estimation and EMG of muscle.
- Deficits of motor neurons are identified by optogenetic photoactivation.
- Morris water maze testing reveals spatial memory deficits in hamsters surviving WNV infection.

West Nile virus (WNV) has had a major public health impact since its emergence in the Western Hemisphere; in 2012, nearly 3000 cases of WN neuroinvasive disease were identified in the United States. The underlying mechanisms of WN neurologic disease can only be studied to a limited extent in patients, but can be investigated in much greater detail in animal models. In this paper, we describe how we and others have employed a variety of electrophysiological and neurological techniques to study experimental WNV infections in hamsters and mice. The methods have included electrophysiological motor unit number estimation; optogenetic photoactivation of the spinal cord and electromyography; plethysmography; measurement of heart rate variability as an indication of autonomic nervous system dysfunction; and an assessment of spatial memory loss using the Morris water maze. These techniques provide a more refined assessment of disease manifestations in rodents than traditional measurements of weight loss and mortality, and should make it possible to identify targets for therapeutic intervention and to directly assess the effects of novel treatments.