Extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R causes reductions in astrocytic ATP and glutathione levels compromising the antioxidant reservoir

► Extracellular HIV-1 Vpr induces a decline in astrocytic ATP and GSH levels. ► Exogenous HIV-1 Vpr promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen species. ► N-acetyl-cysteine treatment ameliorates HIV-1 Vpr-induced oxidative stress. ► Exposure of astrocytes to HIV-1 Vpr increases levels of oxidized glutathione. ► Treatment with HIV-1 Vpr disrupts primary astrocytes architectural structure.