Azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos, alone or in a binary mixture, produce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater gastropod Planorbarius corneus

Azinphos-methyl (AZM) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticides used for pest control on a number of food crops in many parts of the world that have been shown to inhibit cholinesterase activity in the non-target freshwater gastropod Planorbarius corneus. The present study was undertaken to determine: (a) whether AZM and CPF induce oxidative stress in P. corneus, and (b) whether a mixture of both organophosphates that causes a higher neurotoxicity than single pesticides also causes an enhanced oxidative stress. To this end, non-enzymatic and enzymatic parameters were measured in the soft tissues of snails acutely exposed to the insecticides in single-chemical (2.5 mg AZM L−1 and 7.5 μg CPF L−1) and a binary-mixture (1.25 mg AZM L−1 plus 3.75 μg CPF L−1) studies. At 24 h, all pesticide-exposed groups showed significantly decreased glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels when compared to control animals. At 48 h, all exposed groups showed an alteration of the redox status (GSH/GSSG ratio) and a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels. The exposure for 48 h to AZM and CPF, alone or in the binary mixture, also resulted in a significant decrease of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity. The greatest decrease was observed with CPF exposure (59% of decrease relative to the control group). A significant increase in catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities was observed in CPF group and in CPF and AZM + CPF groups, respectively. The activities of glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase did not show significant changes with respect to controls in any treatment group. In conclusion, the data shown in the present study provide evidence that AZM, CPF and a mixture of both organophosphates are able to induce oxidative stress and oxidative damage in P. corneus tissues. However, no similarities between the degree of neurotoxicity and the degree of alterations of the measured oxidative stress parameters were found.