Development mechanisms of an explosive cyclone over East Sea on 3-4 April 2012

- We have revised the title to “Development mechanisms of an Explosive Cyclone over East Sea on 3-4 April 2012”. The intensification, extent, and movement speed of the cyclone are amplified by latent heat release (LHR) as well as the formation of an upper-level cut-off low.
- LHR contributes to roughy 50% of decrease in sea level pressure and 50% of the central cyclone's low-leve PV generation in initial stage.
- The LHR is of primary importance during the explosive cyclone development.

The development mechanisms of the explosive cyclone that occurred during 3-4 April 2012 over East Sea (Sea of Japan) are examined through numerical simulation and sensitivity experiments using the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model. The characteristics of this explosive cyclone are different from typical cyclonic features observed in this region, including its intensity, deepening rate, and formation time. Numerical simulation, reanalysis data, upper and surface weather charts, and satellite data indicate that the strong baroclinic instability and temperature advection associated with upper-level cut-off low and the interaction of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies between the lower- and upper-level are essential to explosive cyclogenesis.The sensitivity experiments of the explosive cyclone show that latent heat release (LHR) is an important factor in explosive cyclogenesis. The intensification, extent, and movement speed of the cyclone are amplified by LHR as well as the formation of an upper-level cut-off low. The role of LHR is primary important in the generation and evolution of the cyclone. Especially, the LHR contributes to roughly 50% of decrease in sea level pressure (SLP) and 50% of the central cyclone's low-level PV generation in initial stage. During a 48-h simulation, the contributions of the LHR, surface heat flux, and their interaction on the decrease of SLP of the cyclone are found to be 40.6, −8.2, and 10.5%, respectively. These results reveal that the explosive cyclone has larger deepening rates than OJ cyclones, and develops with a large amount of LHR near the cyclone center.